#1
Which theorist proposed the stages of adult development known as the 'stages of psychosocial development'?
Erik Erikson
ExplanationErik Erikson proposed the stages of psychosocial development.
#2
Which of the following is NOT a stage in Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?
Intimacy vs. Isolation
ExplanationIntimacy vs. Isolation is not a stage in Erik Erikson's theory.
#3
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cognitive development in adulthood?
Stable and fixed cognitive abilities
ExplanationCognitive abilities are not stable and fixed in adulthood.
#4
Which of the following is a primary cognitive ability that tends to improve or remain stable with age?
Episodic memory
ExplanationEpisodic memory tends to improve or remain stable with age.
#5
Which of the following is a key factor contributing to cognitive decline in older adults?
Chronic stress
ExplanationChronic stress contributes to cognitive decline in older adults.
#6
Which of the following is a common characteristic of cognitive development in late adulthood?
Decreased working memory capacity
ExplanationDecreased working memory capacity is a common characteristic in late adulthood.
#7
According to Schaie's theory of cognitive development in adulthood, which stage involves the acquisition and use of formal operational thinking?
Achieving
ExplanationAccording to Schaie's theory, 'Achieving' involves formal operational thinking.
#8
Which of the following is a primary cognitive ability associated with aging?
Crystallized intelligence
ExplanationCrystallized intelligence is a primary cognitive ability associated with aging.
#9
Which theory of cognitive aging suggests that older adults compensate for cognitive declines by selectively focusing on information that is most relevant to them?
Selective Optimization with Compensation Theory
ExplanationSelective Optimization with Compensation Theory suggests compensatory mechanisms.
#10
What term refers to the ability to control one's attention, inhibit irrelevant information, and engage in goal-directed behavior?
Executive functioning
ExplanationExecutive functioning encompasses attention, inhibition, and goal-directed behavior.
#11
What is the term for the ability to adapt to new situations, solve problems, and think abstractly?
Fluid intelligence
ExplanationFluid intelligence involves adaptation, problem-solving, and abstract thinking.
#12
Which theory of cognitive aging suggests that individuals with more cognitive reserves are better able to withstand age-related changes and maintain cognitive functioning?
Cognitive Reserve Theory
ExplanationCognitive Reserve Theory suggests cognitive reserves help maintain function.
#13
What is the term for the phenomenon where older adults focus on information that is most relevant to them?
Selective optimization
ExplanationSelective optimization refers to focusing on relevant information in old age.
#14
According to the Seattle Longitudinal Study, which cognitive ability tends to peak in middle adulthood and then gradually decline?
Inductive reasoning
ExplanationInductive reasoning peaks in middle adulthood and declines gradually.
#15
Which term describes the concept that individuals have different strengths and weaknesses in various cognitive domains as they age?
Cognitive heterogeneity
ExplanationCognitive heterogeneity refers to individual differences in cognitive domains with age.
#16
According to research, which factor is associated with better cognitive functioning in older adults?
Higher education level
ExplanationHigher education levels are associated with better cognitive functioning in older adults.
#17
Which term refers to the ability to maintain attention and focus over an extended period of time?
Sustained attention
ExplanationSustained attention refers to maintaining focus over time.
#18
According to the 'peak and decline' theory of cognitive aging, which cognitive ability tends to peak in early adulthood and then decline?
Fluid intelligence
ExplanationFluid intelligence tends to peak in early adulthood and decline.