#1
Which of the following is NOT a stage of problem-solving?
Generating the problem
ExplanationThis stage involves identifying the problem, not generating it.
#2
What is the term for the mental process of rearranging the elements of a problem to find a solution?
Reframing
ExplanationReframing involves looking at a problem from a different perspective to uncover solutions.
#3
Which of the following is NOT a component of Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence?
Emotional intelligence
ExplanationSternberg's theory includes analytical, practical, and creative intelligence, but not emotional intelligence.
#4
What is the term for the tendency to perceive and approach problems in the same way that has been successful in the past?
Mental set
ExplanationMental set leads individuals to apply previously successful problem-solving methods without considering alternatives.
#5
Which type of memory involves the conscious recollection of facts and events?
Explicit memory
ExplanationExplicit memory is responsible for the conscious recall of specific information.
#6
What term describes the mental process of considering multiple perspectives and alternative viewpoints?
Critical thinking
ExplanationCritical thinking involves evaluating information from diverse perspectives to form well-reasoned judgments.
#7
What is the term for a mental shortcut that allows people to solve problems and make judgments quickly?
Heuristic
ExplanationHeuristics facilitate quick decision-making and problem-solving.
#8
Who developed the theory of multiple intelligences, suggesting there are several distinct types of intelligence?
Howard Gardner
ExplanationGardner proposed the theory of multiple intelligences.
#9
Which type of problem-solving strategy involves breaking down a problem into smaller parts to solve it more easily?
Divide and conquer
ExplanationThis strategy simplifies complex problems by dividing them into manageable parts.
#10
What is the term for the phenomenon where a solution suddenly emerges after a period of seemingly unproductive thought?
Aha moment
ExplanationAn 'Aha moment' is a sudden realization or insight that solves a problem.
#11
In the context of decision making, what does the term 'bounded rationality' refer to?
The idea that decision-making is limited by cognitive constraints
ExplanationBounded rationality acknowledges that cognitive limitations restrict decision-making processes.
#12
Who proposed the concept of 'working memory', which involves the active maintenance and manipulation of information?
Alan Baddeley
ExplanationBaddeley's model of working memory highlights the dynamic processing of information.
#13
What is the term for the tendency to seek out and favor information that confirms our existing beliefs or hypotheses?
Confirmation bias
ExplanationConfirmation bias leads us to selectively favor information that supports our preconceptions.
#14
Which psychologist is associated with the concept of 'flow', a state of complete absorption and involvement in an activity?
Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi
ExplanationCsikszentmihalyi introduced the concept of 'flow' to describe optimal psychological states during activities.
#15
According to the concept of 'metacognition', what are individuals thinking about when they are reflecting on their own cognitive processes?
Higher-order thinking
ExplanationMetacognition involves reflecting on and regulating one's own cognitive processes.
#16
Which cognitive process involves mentally representing objects, events, and relationships, often in the form of mental images or concepts?
Representation
ExplanationRepresentation involves encoding and storing information in the mind, often in symbolic form.
#17
Who proposed the 'levels of processing' model, which suggests that the depth of processing affects the encoding and retrieval of information?
Craik and Lockhart
ExplanationCraik and Lockhart's model posits that deeper processing leads to better encoding and retrieval of information.