#1
Which blood type is known as the universal donor?
O
ExplanationBlood type O can be safely transfused to recipients of any blood type.
#2
In serological testing, what does ELISA stand for?
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
ExplanationELISA detects antibodies or antigens in samples, commonly used in HIV, pregnancy, and autoimmune testing.
#3
What is the primary purpose of a fecal occult blood test?
Screen for hidden blood in the stool
ExplanationThis test detects small amounts of blood in feces, indicative of gastrointestinal bleeding.
#4
What is the purpose of a C-reactive protein (CRP) test?
Detect inflammation in the body
ExplanationCRP levels rise in response to inflammation, aiding in diagnosing infections and inflammatory conditions.
#5
Which test is commonly used to diagnose autoimmune disorders by detecting antibodies in the blood?
Autoimmune Screen
ExplanationAutoimmune screen detects antibodies produced by the immune system against the body's own tissues.
#6
What is the primary function of the renal system?
Filtration of blood and urine formation
ExplanationThe renal system filters waste from the blood and forms urine for excretion.
#7
Which enzyme is commonly measured to assess liver function?
ALT (Alanine aminotransferase)
ExplanationALT levels are indicative of liver damage or disease.
#8
What is the purpose of a differential white blood cell (WBC) count?
To identify and quantify different types of WBCs
ExplanationThis count distinguishes between various types of white blood cells, aiding in diagnosing infections and disorders.
#9
Which laboratory test is used to assess kidney function by measuring the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
Creatinine test
ExplanationCreatinine levels in the blood are indicative of kidney function, with higher levels suggesting impaired filtration.
#10
Which test is commonly used to assess thyroid function by measuring the levels of T3, T4, and TSH?
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) test
ExplanationTSH levels reflect the thyroid gland's activity, aiding in diagnosing thyroid disorders.
#11
What is the purpose of a sputum culture in clinical microbiology?
Identify respiratory infections
ExplanationSputum culture detects bacteria, fungi, or viruses causing respiratory infections.
#12
In PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), what is the role of primers?
Amplify the DNA
ExplanationPrimers initiate DNA replication in PCR, amplifying specific DNA sequences.
#13
Which of the following tests is commonly used to diagnose diabetes?
HbA1c (Glycated Hemoglobin)
ExplanationHbA1c levels reflect average blood sugar levels over the past few months, aiding in diabetes diagnosis.
#14
What is the primary role of troponin in cardiac biomarker testing?
Detect cardiac muscle damage
ExplanationElevated troponin levels indicate damage to heart muscle, often due to myocardial infarction.
#15
Which coagulation test is commonly used to monitor the effects of anticoagulant medications?
Prothrombin Time (PT)
ExplanationPT measures how long it takes for blood to clot, used to monitor anticoagulant therapy.
#16
Which cardiac enzyme is often elevated in the early stages of a myocardial infarction (heart attack)?
Troponin
ExplanationElevated troponin levels are indicative of myocardial damage, used as a diagnostic marker for heart attacks.
#17
In blood typing, which antigen is present on the surface of type A red blood cells?
A antigen
ExplanationThe A antigen determines blood type A, which reacts with anti-A antibodies.