Classical Conditioning and Learning Theory Quiz

Pavlov discovered classical conditioning, a form of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.

An unconditioned response is an involuntary reaction to an unconditioned stimulus, not requiring prior learning.

A conditioned stimulus is initially neutral but becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.

Edward Thorndike proposed the Law of Effect, stating that behaviors followed by positive consequences are more likely to be repeated.

Albert Bandura is known for social learning theory, emphasizing the role of observational learning and modeling in behavior.

Positive reinforcement involves presenting a desirable stimulus to strengthen and increase the likelihood of a behavior.

Extinction in operant conditioning refers to the process where a conditioned response weakens and eventually disappears when the reinforcing stimulus is no longer provided.

Shaping is the operant conditioning technique of reinforcing small steps or approximations toward a desired behavior to gradually achieve the final target behavior.

Extinction in classical conditioning involves the gradual reduction and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

Spontaneous recovery is the sudden reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest.

Stimulus generalization occurs when a conditioned response is elicited by stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus.

Operant conditioning focuses on voluntary behaviors influenced by the consequences (reinforcement or punishment) that follow those behaviors.

Shaping involves reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior to gradually achieve the target behavior.

Classical conditioning deals with automatic, reflexive responses, while operant conditioning involves learned behaviors influenced by consequences.

Vicarious reinforcement occurs when an individual observes and learns from the reinforcement or punishment experienced by others.

Self-efficacy is the belief in one's ability to successfully execute a particular behavior or task, a key concept in social learning theory.

Observational learning involves acquiring new behaviors by observing and imitating others, influenced by the observed consequences of those behaviors.

A fixed-ratio schedule reinforces a behavior after a specific number of responses, promoting a steady rate of responding.

Negative reinforcement involves removing an aversive stimulus to strengthen and increase the likelihood of a behavior.

A variable-ratio schedule reinforces a behavior after an unpredictable number of responses, making it highly resistant to extinction.

Shaping involves reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior, gradually leading to the development of the target behavior.

Martin Seligman is associated with the concept of learned helplessness, where individuals perceive a lack of control over aversive events, leading to passive behavior.

Learned helplessness is a psychological concept where individuals, after experiencing uncontrollable events, adopt a passive and helpless response to subsequent challenges.

Higher-order conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus, leading to a new conditioned response.