#1
Who is credited with the discovery of classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
ExplanationPavlov discovered classical conditioning, a form of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.
#2
In classical conditioning, what is an unconditioned response?
A response that naturally occurs in reaction to an unconditioned stimulus
ExplanationAn unconditioned response is an involuntary reaction to an unconditioned stimulus, not requiring prior learning.
#3
In classical conditioning, what is a conditioned stimulus?
A neutral stimulus that, after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus, triggers a conditioned response
ExplanationA conditioned stimulus is initially neutral but becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.
#4
Who proposed the Law of Effect, which forms the basis of operant conditioning?
Edward Thorndike
ExplanationEdward Thorndike proposed the Law of Effect, stating that behaviors followed by positive consequences are more likely to be repeated.
#5
Which psychologist is associated with the theory of social learning?
Albert Bandura
ExplanationAlbert Bandura is known for social learning theory, emphasizing the role of observational learning and modeling in behavior.
#6
Which of the following best describes extinction in classical conditioning?
The weakening and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response
ExplanationExtinction in classical conditioning involves the gradual reduction and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus.
#7
What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?
The reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a rest period
ExplanationSpontaneous recovery is the sudden reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest.
#8
What is the concept of stimulus generalization in classical conditioning?
The tendency to respond differently to stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus
ExplanationStimulus generalization occurs when a conditioned response is elicited by stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus.
#9
Which of the following best defines operant conditioning?
Learning through the consequences of actions, where behaviors are reinforced or punished
ExplanationOperant conditioning focuses on voluntary behaviors influenced by the consequences (reinforcement or punishment) that follow those behaviors.
#10
What is shaping in operant conditioning?
The process of reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior
ExplanationShaping involves reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior to gradually achieve the target behavior.
#11
Which of the following is an example of higher-order conditioning?
A child fearing dogs after seeing their parent express fear of dogs
ExplanationHigher-order conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus, leading to a new conditioned response.