#1
Who is credited with the discovery of classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
ExplanationPavlov discovered classical conditioning through experiments with dogs.
#2
Who introduced the concept of observational learning?
Albert Bandura
ExplanationBandura proposed learning through observation and imitation.
#3
What is the key principle behind classical conditioning?
Association
ExplanationLearning by associating stimuli and responses.
#4
In classical conditioning, what is the conditioned response?
The response elicited by the conditioned stimulus after learning
ExplanationLearned response to a previously neutral stimulus.
#5
Who proposed the theory of social learning, which emphasizes the role of observation and imitation in learning?
Albert Bandura
ExplanationBandura's theory stresses learning through observation.
#6
In classical conditioning, what is the neutral stimulus?
A stimulus that initially does not elicit the desired response
ExplanationInitially irrelevant stimulus before conditioning.
#7
In classical conditioning, what is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
The stimulus that naturally triggers a response without prior learning
ExplanationUCS is an instinctive trigger of a response, like food in Pavlov's dog experiment.
#8
What is an example of spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?
After a delay, the conditioned response reappears when the conditioned stimulus is presented
ExplanationAfter extinction, the conditioned response reappears temporarily.
#9
In classical conditioning, what is stimulus generalization?
The tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus
ExplanationGeneralizing responses to similar stimuli as the conditioned one.
#10
What is the process of extinction in classical conditioning?
The gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response
ExplanationDiminishing of conditioned response by removing reinforcement.
#11
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates operant conditioning?
A child receiving a sticker for completing her homework
ExplanationReceiving a reward for completing a task, strengthening behavior.
#12
What term describes the process of gradually reinforcing behaviors that are closer and closer to the desired behavior?
Shaping
ExplanationRewarding incremental steps toward a desired behavior.
#13
What did Pavlov's experiment with dogs demonstrate about classical conditioning?
Dogs can learn to associate a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus
ExplanationShowing dogs can associate neutral stimuli with reflex triggers.
#14
What is the primary difference between classical and operant conditioning?
Classical conditioning focuses on modifying reflexive, involuntary responses, while operant conditioning focuses on modifying voluntary behaviors.
ExplanationClassical: involuntary reflexes; Operant: voluntary actions.
#15
Which schedule of reinforcement is most resistant to extinction?
Variable ratio
ExplanationReinforcing behavior after an unpredictable number of responses.
#16
What is the concept of cognitive map in the context of learning?
A mental representation of the layout of one's environment
ExplanationMental model of spatial relationships within the environment.
#17
What is the law of effect in operant conditioning?
Behaviors followed by positive consequences are strengthened, while behaviors followed by negative consequences are weakened.
ExplanationConsequences shape behavior; positive ones reinforce.