#1
In classical conditioning, who is known for the famous experiments involving dogs and salivation?
Ivan Pavlov
ExplanationPavlov conducted experiments demonstrating associative learning via conditioned responses.
#2
Which type of reinforcement involves reinforcing a behavior after a specific number of responses?
Fixed-ratio
ExplanationReinforcement occurs after a set number of responses, promoting consistent behavior.
#3
What is the primary focus of classical conditioning?
Associations between stimuli
ExplanationClassical conditioning emphasizes the link between stimuli and responses.
#4
What is the reinforcement schedule where reinforcement is delivered after a fixed amount of time has passed?
Fixed-interval
ExplanationReinforcement occurs after a set time interval has elapsed, promoting steady behavior.
#5
Which type of reinforcement involves reinforcing a behavior after a specific time interval has passed?
Fixed-interval
ExplanationReinforcement occurs after a set time has passed, leading to behaviors clustered around the time of reinforcement.
#6
What is the unconditioned response (UCR) in classical conditioning?
The automatic, unlearned response
ExplanationIt's the natural, unconditioned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus.
#7
Which term is associated with the weakening or disappearance of a conditioned response?
Extinction
ExplanationIt's the fading of a conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.
#8
What is the term for the process of a conditioned response occurring in the presence of stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus?
Generalization
ExplanationIt's when a response occurs to similar, but not identical, stimuli.
#9
In classical conditioning, what is the term for the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a pause?
Spontaneous recovery
ExplanationIt's the sudden reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction.
#10
In classical conditioning, what is the term for the weakening of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is no longer followed by the unconditioned stimulus?
Extinction
ExplanationIt's the decline of a conditioned response due to lack of reinforcement.
#11
In classical conditioning, what is the process of associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to trigger a conditioned response?
Acquisition
ExplanationIt's the initial learning stage where the conditioned response is established.
#12
Which psychologist introduced the concept of operant conditioning, focusing on reinforcement and punishment?
B.F. Skinner
ExplanationSkinner is known for his work on the consequences of behavior on learning.
#13
Who proposed the idea of the social learning theory, emphasizing the role of observation and imitation in learning?
Albert Bandura
ExplanationBandura highlighted observational learning as a key component of learning.
#14
What is the term for the process of selectively reinforcing behaviors that lead to the desired outcome?
Shaping
ExplanationIt's the gradual reinforcement of behaviors towards a desired behavior.
#15
Who introduced the concept of classical conditioning and is best known for the study involving the salivation response in dogs?
Ivan Pavlov
ExplanationPavlov's work with dogs illustrated the principles of classical conditioning.