#1
Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement in child guidance?
Giving a sticker for completing chores
ExplanationRewarding desired behavior to increase its occurrence.
#2
What is the term for a form of learning in which a behavior becomes more or less probable depending on its consequences?
Operant conditioning
ExplanationAssociating behaviors with their outcomes to shape behavior.
#3
Which of the following is a characteristic of authoritative parenting style?
High responsiveness and high demands
ExplanationProviding guidance with warmth, support, and clear expectations.
#4
Which of the following is an example of an assertive communication technique?
Expressing feelings and needs clearly
ExplanationCommunicating assertively by expressing oneself clearly and respectfully.
#5
Which of the following is a characteristic of permissive parenting?
Low demands and control
ExplanationLacking structure and discipline, allowing considerable freedom.
#6
What is a common characteristic of authoritative parenting?
High demands and responsiveness
ExplanationCombining high expectations with emotional support and guidance.
#7
Which of the following is NOT a recommended strategy for managing aggressive behavior in children?
Punishing the child harshly
ExplanationAvoiding punitive measures to address aggressive behavior.
#8
What is the primary goal of using 'I-messages' in child guidance?
To communicate feelings without blaming
ExplanationExpressing emotions constructively without assigning fault.
#9
Which of the following is an example of a child's internalizing behavior?
Refusing to do homework
ExplanationExpressing distress inwardly, often through withdrawal.
#10
In child guidance, what does the term 'scaffolding' refer to?
Providing temporary support to help a child learn a new skill
ExplanationGradually withdrawing support as a child gains competence.
#11
Which of the following is a characteristic of a child with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
Difficulty sustaining attention
ExplanationStruggling to maintain focus and attention for extended periods.
#12
According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, what stage occurs during early childhood (ages 3-6)?
Initiative vs. guilt
ExplanationChildren explore their environment and develop a sense of purpose.
#13
According to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which stage occurs during middle childhood (ages 7-11)?
Concrete operational stage
ExplanationUnderstanding logical principles and concrete reasoning.
#14
According to Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which stage is characterized by an understanding of social rules and conventions?
Conventional stage
ExplanationAccepting social norms and conforming to societal expectations.
#15
According to attachment theory, what is the primary function of the attachment bond between a caregiver and a child?
Fulfilling emotional needs
ExplanationMeeting a child's emotional needs for security and support.
#16
According to the ecological systems theory, which level of the environment directly influences a child's development?
Microsystem
ExplanationImmediate environments like family and school impacting a child's development.