#1
Which stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory involves the use of symbolic thinking and egocentrism?
Preoperational stage
ExplanationStage where children use symbols to represent objects but struggle with logical reasoning.
#2
What is the primary psychosocial crisis in Erik Erikson's stage of 'trust vs. mistrust'?
Trust vs. mistrust
ExplanationInfants learn to trust or mistrust their caregivers based on their reliability and care.
#3
What is the term for the ability to understand and share the feelings of another person?
Empathy
ExplanationCapacity to comprehend and share the emotions of others.
#4
Which theorist is known for the concept of the 'zone of proximal development'?
Lev Vygotsky
ExplanationVygotsky's concept emphasizing the gap between a learner's current ability and their potential.
#5
What is the term for the emotional bond formed between an infant and their primary caregiver during the first year of life?
Secure attachment
ExplanationStrong and stable emotional connection between an infant and caregiver.
#6
Which parenting style is characterized by high demandingness and low responsiveness?
Authoritarian
ExplanationStyle where parents impose strict rules and expect obedience without much warmth or responsiveness.
#7
What is the term for the emotional bond that forms between an infant and their primary caregiver?
Attachment
ExplanationStrong emotional connection that develops between an infant and caregiver.
#8
In Freud's psychosexual development theory, what is the focus of the phallic stage?
Awareness of gender differences
ExplanationStage where children become aware of their gender identity.
#9
Which parenting style is characterized by low demandingness and high responsiveness?
Permissive
ExplanationStyle marked by few demands and high responsiveness, often leading to indulgence.
#10
According to Erikson, what is the primary conflict during adolescence?
Identity vs. role confusion
ExplanationStruggle to form a coherent self-identity.
#11
According to Lawrence Kohlberg, which level of moral development is characterized by adherence to rules to avoid punishment and gain rewards?
Preconventional level
ExplanationStage where morality is based on avoiding punishment and seeking rewards.
#12
What is the term for the process of learning behavior through observation of others?
Modeling
ExplanationLearning through observing and imitating others' actions.
#13
According to Freud, which part of the personality operates on the 'pleasure principle'?
Id
ExplanationComponent of personality driven by instant gratification.
#14
Who proposed the 'theory of mind', which refers to the ability to understand that others have thoughts, beliefs, desires, and intentions that are different from one's own?
David Premack
ExplanationPsychologist known for his research on animal cognition and theory of mind.
#15
Who proposed the theory of 'attachment styles' which include secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized?
Mary Ainsworth
ExplanationDevelopmental psychologist known for her research on attachment theory.