#1
Which of the following is a risk factor for developing atherosclerosis?
Smoking
ExplanationSmoking increases the risk of atherosclerosis by damaging blood vessel walls.
#2
Which of the following hormones increases heart rate and blood pressure during the 'fight or flight' response?
Epinephrine
ExplanationEpinephrine, released during stress, boosts heart rate and blood pressure.
#3
Which of the following enzymes is commonly used as a biomarker for myocardial infarction?
Creatine kinase (CK)
ExplanationCK levels rise after heart muscle damage, aiding in myocardial infarction diagnosis.
#4
Which of the following is a primary risk factor for developing coronary artery disease?
Obesity
ExplanationObesity contributes to coronary artery disease by increasing cholesterol levels and straining the heart.
#5
Which of the following conditions is characterized by the accumulation of fatty deposits on the inner walls of arteries?
Arteriosclerosis
ExplanationArteriosclerosis involves the buildup of fatty deposits, narrowing and hardening arteries.
#6
What is the primary function of the sinoatrial (SA) node in the heart?
To serve as the heart's pacemaker
ExplanationThe SA node generates electrical impulses, regulating heart rhythm.
#7
Which of the following conditions is characterized by a rapid, irregular heartbeat?
Atrial fibrillation
ExplanationAtrial fibrillation causes irregular contractions of the atria.
#8
What is the term for the accumulation of excess fluid in the interstitial spaces of tissues?
Edema
ExplanationEdema occurs due to fluid leakage from blood vessels into tissues.
#9
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of peripheral artery disease (PAD)?
Palpitations
ExplanationPalpitations aren't typically associated with PAD, which involves reduced blood flow to limbs.
#10
What is the term for the condition characterized by an abnormal enlargement of the heart muscle?
Cardiomyopathy
ExplanationCardiomyopathy leads to heart muscle thickening or dilation, impairing function.
#11
Which of the following substances plays a crucial role in the formation of a blood clot during the process of hemostasis?
Fibrinogen
ExplanationFibrinogen is converted to fibrin, forming a clot to stop bleeding.
#12
What is the term for the condition in which a blood clot becomes dislodged and travels through the bloodstream?
Embolism
ExplanationAn embolism occurs when a clot breaks free and blocks a blood vessel elsewhere.
#13
What is the hallmark pathological feature of myocardial infarction (heart attack)?
Ischemic necrosis of myocardial tissue
ExplanationHeart attack leads to the death of heart muscle due to blocked blood flow.
#14
Which of the following is a potential consequence of untreated hypertension?
Increased risk of heart failure
ExplanationUntreated hypertension can lead to heart failure due to increased workload on the heart.
#15
In heart failure, which chamber of the heart often experiences dilation and dysfunction?
Left ventricle
ExplanationHeart failure often affects the left ventricle, impairing its pumping function.
#16
What is the term for the condition characterized by inflammation of the inner lining of the heart chambers and valves?
Endocarditis
ExplanationEndocarditis involves bacterial infection and inflammation of heart lining.
#17
What is the primary function of the coronary arteries?
To supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle
ExplanationCoronary arteries deliver oxygen-rich blood to heart muscle cells.
#18
Which of the following types of cardiomyopathy is characterized by abnormal thickening of the heart muscle, particularly the interventricular septum?
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
ExplanationHypertrophic cardiomyopathy involves excessive heart muscle thickening, affecting heart function.
#19
What is the term for the condition in which blood flow to a part of the heart is temporarily reduced or blocked, leading to chest pain or discomfort?
Angina pectoris
ExplanationAngina results from reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, causing chest pain.