#1
Which of the following is a common symptom of myocardial infarction (heart attack)?
Chest pain or discomfort
ExplanationCharacteristic symptom due to ischemia of heart muscle.
#2
What is the primary purpose of administering oxygen to a patient experiencing a cardiac emergency?
To improve cardiac output
ExplanationEnhances oxygen delivery to heart tissue.
#3
Which electrocardiogram (ECG) waveform represents ventricular depolarization?
QRS complex
ExplanationRepresents spread of electrical activity through ventricles.
#4
What is the recommended initial treatment for a patient with suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS)?
Aspirin and oxygen therapy
ExplanationAntiplatelet therapy and oxygen supplementation to relieve ischemia.
#5
Which of the following is a common side effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors?
Hyperkalemia
ExplanationElevated potassium levels due to reduced aldosterone secretion.
#6
What is the recommended first-line treatment for ventricular fibrillation?
Defibrillation
ExplanationRestoration of normal heart rhythm through electrical shock.
#7
Which cardiac enzyme is most specific to myocardial injury?
Troponin
ExplanationHighly sensitive and specific marker for myocardial damage.
#8
What does the acronym 'CABG' stand for in cardiac care?
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft
ExplanationSurgical procedure to improve blood flow to the heart.
#9
Which of the following is a common complication of cardiac catheterization?
Hemorrhage
ExplanationRisk due to arterial puncture during procedure.
#10
What is the recommended treatment for a patient with atrial fibrillation who presents with rapid ventricular response and hemodynamic instability?
Synchronized cardioversion
ExplanationRestoration of normal heart rhythm through timed electrical shock.
#11
Which medication is commonly used for acute management of angina pectoris?
Nitroglycerin
ExplanationRapid vasodilation to relieve chest pain.
#12
Which cardiac condition is characterized by a 'blowing' holosystolic murmur heard best at the apex?
Mitral valve regurgitation
ExplanationBackflow of blood through the mitral valve.
#13
In cardiac care, what does the term 'ejection fraction' refer to?
The amount of blood pumped out of the ventricles with each contraction
ExplanationIndicator of heart's pumping efficiency.
#14
Which class of antiarrhythmic drugs primarily blocks sodium channels and is commonly used to treat ventricular arrhythmias?
Class I
ExplanationBlocks fast sodium channels during depolarization.
#15
What is the most common cause of right-sided heart failure?
Left-sided heart failure
ExplanationIncreased pressure in the pulmonary circulation.