#1
What is the fundamental concept behind classical conditioning?
Association
ExplanationLearning through association of stimuli and responses.
#2
Which theorist is associated with the concept of 'Hierarchy of Needs'?
Abraham Maslow
ExplanationMaslow proposed a hierarchy of human needs, ranging from basic physiological needs to self-actualization.
#3
What is the 'primacy effect' in memory?
The tendency to remember information at the beginning of a list
ExplanationIt's the phenomenon where items presented first are more likely to be remembered than those presented later.
#4
Who developed the theory of operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
ExplanationSkinner's theory focuses on how behavior is shaped by consequences, reinforcing or punishing stimuli.
#5
What is the 'fight or flight' response?
A reaction to stress involving either confrontation or escape
ExplanationIt's the physiological response preparing an organism to confront or flee from a perceived threat.
#6
Who is known for the famous 'Bobo doll experiment'?
Albert Bandura
ExplanationBandura conducted the Bobo doll experiment, demonstrating observational learning and aggression.
#7
What does the Stanford prison experiment study?
Obedience
ExplanationIt examines the effects of perceived power and authority on individuals' behavior.
#8
Who coined the term 'social identity'?
Henri Tajfel
ExplanationTajfel introduced the concept of social identity, which refers to how individuals identify themselves within social groups.
#9
What is the 'halo effect' in psychology?
The tendency to perceive someone as better overall based on a single positive trait
ExplanationIt's the cognitive bias where one positive attribute influences perceptions of other unrelated traits.
#10
Who proposed the theory of cognitive dissonance?
Leon Festinger
ExplanationFestinger's theory explains the discomfort felt when attitudes and behaviors are inconsistent, leading to efforts to resolve the dissonance.
#11
Which of the following is NOT a component of the Big Five personality traits?
Open-mindedness
ExplanationOpen-mindedness is not one of the Big Five traits, which include openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.
#12
What is the name of the phenomenon where individuals in a group tend to exert less effort?
Social loafing
ExplanationIt's the tendency for individuals to reduce effort when working collectively compared to when working alone.
#13
According to Albert Bandura, what is the process of learning by observing others called?
Modeling
ExplanationModeling involves learning behaviors by observing others and imitating them.