#1
Which reinforcement schedule involves reinforcing a behavior after a variable number of responses?
Variable Ratio
ExplanationReinforcing behavior after an unpredictable number of responses.
#2
What is the primary focus of classical conditioning?
Associating neutral stimuli with involuntary responses
ExplanationEstablishing associations between neutral stimuli and automatic, reflexive responses.
#3
Which type of reinforcement schedule provides reinforcement after a fixed number of responses?
Fixed Ratio
ExplanationReinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses.
#4
What is the term for the process of associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response?
Classical Conditioning
ExplanationCreating associations between neutral and reflex-producing stimuli.
#5
According to behaviorism, what is the focus of study in psychology?
Observable behaviors
ExplanationConcentrating on outwardly observable actions for study.
#6
In operant conditioning, what is positive reinforcement?
Adding something pleasant
ExplanationStrengthening a behavior by presenting a pleasant stimulus afterwards.
#7
According to Skinner's reinforcement theory, what is punishment?
Adding something unpleasant
ExplanationWeakening a behavior by introducing an unpleasant stimulus afterwards.
#8
In the context of reinforcement schedules, what is fixed interval?
Reinforcement after a fixed amount of time
ExplanationProviding reinforcement after a consistent passage of time.
#9
What is the term for the process of gradually eliminating a behavior through the removal of reinforcement?
Extinction
ExplanationDiminishing a behavior by ceasing to reinforce it.
#10
What is the process of weakening a behavior by presenting an unpleasant stimulus called?
Positive Punishment
ExplanationReducing a behavior's occurrence by adding an undesirable stimulus.
#11
What is the concept of shaping in behavioral psychology?
Gradually guiding behavior toward a desired outcome
ExplanationReinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior.
#12
Which psychologist is associated with the social learning theory and the concept of observational learning?
Albert Bandura
ExplanationPsychologist known for his work on social learning theory and observational learning.
#13
According to Bandura's social cognitive theory, what is self-efficacy?
The belief in one's ability to perform a specific behavior or achieve a particular outcome
ExplanationBelief in one's capability to execute actions effectively to achieve desired outcomes.
#14
What is the term for a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response?
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
ExplanationA stimulus that elicits a reflexive response without prior learning.
#15
What is the term for the tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus?
Generalization
ExplanationResponding to stimuli resembling the conditioned stimulus.