#1
Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning?
A child learns to fear dogs after being bitten by one.
ExplanationAssociation of fear with a neutral stimulus (dogs) due to a negative experience (being bitten).
#2
Who is famously associated with the concept of operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
ExplanationKey figure in the development of operant conditioning principles and schedules of reinforcement.
#3
According to the concept of reinforcement, what effect does positive reinforcement have on behavior?
Increases the likelihood of the behavior occurring again
ExplanationAdding a pleasant stimulus to strengthen a behavior.
#4
Which psychologist is known for introducing the theory of cognitive dissonance?
Leon Festinger
ExplanationPioneer in the study of cognitive dissonance, inconsistency in beliefs and attitudes.
#5
Which psychologist is best known for the concept of classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
ExplanationRenowned for discovering classical conditioning, associating stimuli and responses.
#6
What is the primary principle underlying social learning theory?
Observational learning
ExplanationLearning by observing others and imitating their behaviors.
#7
Which term refers to the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus?
Generalization
ExplanationExtension of learned response to similar stimuli.
#8
What is the term for the process of reducing an undesired behavior by removing a desirable stimulus?
Punishment
ExplanationDecreasing behavior by removing a desirable consequence.
#9
Which of the following is an example of observational learning?
A monkey learns to open a banana by watching another monkey do it.
ExplanationLearning by observing and imitating the actions of others.
#10
Who proposed the theory of observational learning?
Albert Bandura
ExplanationContributor to social learning theory, emphasizing the role of observation and imitation.
#11
In the context of reinforcement schedules, which schedule is most resistant to extinction?
Variable-ratio schedule
ExplanationReinforcement after a variable number of responses, resistant to extinction.
#12
What is the term for the process of gradually shaping a behavior by reinforcing successive approximations?
Shaping
ExplanationMolding behavior by reinforcing small steps toward the desired outcome.
#13
According to Bandura's social learning theory, what are the four key processes involved in observational learning?
Attention, retention, motor reproduction, reinforcement
ExplanationProcesses including attention, memory, imitation, and reinforcement in observational learning.
#14
Which type of reinforcement schedule involves reinforcing a behavior after a specific number of responses?
Fixed-ratio schedule
ExplanationReinforcement after a fixed number of responses, promoting consistent behavior.
#15
In social learning theory, what term describes the anticipation of future events based on past experiences?
Outcome expectancies
ExplanationAnticipating future events based on past learning experiences in social learning theory.