#1
What is the primary focus of behavioral psychology?
Observable behaviors
ExplanationStudy of actions and reactions
#2
Which defense mechanism involves attributing one's undesirable thoughts or feelings to someone else?
Projection
ExplanationBlaming others for own feelings
#3
What is the fundamental premise of social cognitive theory?
People learn by observing others and modeling their behavior
ExplanationLearning through observation and imitation
#4
What is the main principle behind operant conditioning?
Learning through the consequences of actions
ExplanationAssociation of behavior with consequences
#5
Which psychological perspective emphasizes the role of unconscious conflicts and desires in shaping behavior?
Psychoanalytic psychology
ExplanationFocus on subconscious motivations
#6
Which theorist is associated with classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
ExplanationPioneered associative learning
#7
What is the concept of 'cognitive dissonance' in psychology?
Inconsistency between beliefs and actions
ExplanationConflict between thoughts and behaviors
#8
In the context of operant conditioning, what is negative reinforcement?
Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior
ExplanationStrengthening behavior by removing aversion
#9
Which type of memory involves the retention of information over a short period?
Short-term memory
ExplanationTemporary storage of information
#10
Who proposed the concept of the hierarchy of needs in motivation theory?
Abraham Maslow
ExplanationHierarchy of human needs
#11
In the context of stress, what is the 'fight-or-flight' response?
The body's physiological reaction to a stressor, preparing for confrontation or escape
ExplanationEvolutionary stress response
#12
Which coping strategy involves facing and managing stress directly?
Problem-focused coping
ExplanationAddressing stressors head-on
#13
According to the Lazarus and Folkman model, what is a key factor in the appraisal process of coping with stress?
Perceived stressfulness
ExplanationEvaluation of stress intensity
#14
What is the concept of 'learned helplessness' in psychology?
Belief that one has no control over outcomes, leading to passive behavior
ExplanationDeveloping resignation due to perceived lack of control
#15
According to Albert Ellis, which type of irrational thinking involves seeing a situation in only two categories, rather than on a continuum?
All-or-nothing thinking
ExplanationExtreme binary perspective
#16
Which type of reinforcement involves reinforcing a behavior after a variable number of responses?
Variable-ratio reinforcement
ExplanationIrregular reinforcement schedule
#17
What is the primary focus of the transactional model of stress and coping proposed by Richard Lazarus?
Individual's appraisal of stress and coping strategies
ExplanationAssessment of stress and coping methods