#1
Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?
Giving a child candy for completing homework
ExplanationRewarding a behavior to increase its likelihood of recurrence.
#2
Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?
Food
ExplanationAn innately reinforcing stimulus, satisfying a basic need.
#3
Which of the following best describes 'negative reinforcement'?
Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior
ExplanationIncreasing behavior by removing something unpleasant.
#4
Which of the following is considered a 'secondary reinforcer'?
Praise
ExplanationA stimulus that gains reinforcing properties through association with primary reinforcers.
#5
In operant conditioning, what is the difference between punishment and negative reinforcement?
Punishment decreases a behavior, while negative reinforcement increases it by removing an aversive stimulus
ExplanationPunishment decreases behavior; negative reinforcement increases it by removing aversive stimuli.
#6
What does the term 'extinction' refer to in behavioral psychology?
The disappearance of a previously learned behavior when the behavior is not reinforced
ExplanationThe gradual fading of a learned behavior due to lack of reinforcement.
#7
Which schedule of reinforcement is based on a variable amount of time passing between reinforcements?
Variable-interval schedule
ExplanationReinforcement given after an unpredictable amount of time.
#8
What is a token economy system in the context of behavioral interventions?
A system where desirable behaviors are reinforced with tokens that can be exchanged for privileges or items
ExplanationUsing tokens as a form of reinforcement that can be exchanged for rewards.
#9
In behavior modification, what is a 'response cost'?
Removing a positive stimulus in response to an undesired behavior
ExplanationPunishing behavior by taking away a desirable stimulus.
#10
Which concept is illustrated by a child learning to stop yelling in the store after their parent stops buying them candy every time they yell?
Extinction
ExplanationThe gradual decrease and eventual cessation of a behavior due to lack of reinforcement.
#11
In the context of operant conditioning, what does 'shaping' involve?
Gradually reinforcing behaviors that are closer and closer to the desired behavior
ExplanationReinforcing successive approximations of a target behavior.
#12
What principle does the Premack principle state?
A less probable behavior can be reinforced by the opportunity to engage in a more probable behavior
ExplanationUsing a preferred activity to reinforce a less preferred activity.
#13
What does 'differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior' (DRI) involve?
Reinforcing a specific behavior that cannot occur at the same time as the undesired behavior
ExplanationReinforcing behaviors that are incompatible with undesired behaviors.
#14
What is the main goal of 'functional behavior assessment' (FBA)?
To identify the reinforcers that are maintaining a behavior
ExplanationDetermining the motivations behind behavior through assessment.
#15
In the context of reinforcement, what is meant by 'generalization'?
The spread of the effects of reinforcement from the specific conditions during training to other similar conditions
ExplanationWhen a learned behavior occurs in similar, untrained situations.