#1
What is the primary principle behind classical conditioning?
Association between stimuli
ExplanationAssociation of stimuli leads to learned responses.
#2
Who is credited with the discovery of classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
ExplanationIvan Pavlov is known for his experiments with dogs.
#3
What is the term used to describe learning by observing others' behaviors and their consequences?
Social learning
ExplanationLearning through observation and imitation of others.
#4
What is an example of a primary reinforcer?
Food
ExplanationInnately reinforcing stimulus, such as food.
#5
Which psychologist is associated with the Law of Effect?
Edward Thorndike
ExplanationEdward Thorndike proposed the Law of Effect.
#6
What is the process of acquiring new behaviors through the observation of others known as?
Social learning
ExplanationLearning by observing others' actions and their outcomes.
#7
In classical conditioning, what is an unconditioned response (UCR)?
A response that occurs naturally to a stimulus
ExplanationNatural response to a stimulus before conditioning.
#8
What is an example of positive reinforcement?
Giving a child candy for completing homework
ExplanationRewarding behavior to increase its occurrence.
#9
What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement?
Positive reinforcement involves adding a stimulus to increase a behavior, while negative reinforcement involves removing a stimulus to increase a behavior.
ExplanationAdding vs. removing stimuli to reinforce behavior.
#10
What is an example of punishment in operant conditioning?
Taking away a toy for misbehaving.
ExplanationRemoving stimulus to decrease behavior.
#11
What is the role of the neutral stimulus in classical conditioning?
To become a conditioned stimulus through association with an unconditioned stimulus
ExplanationNeutral stimulus gains response through association.
#12
What is the concept of generalization in classical conditioning?
The tendency to respond to similar stimuli as the conditioned stimulus
ExplanationResponding to similar stimuli as if they are the conditioned stimulus.
#13
What is the concept of extinction in behavioral conditioning?
The gradual disappearance of a conditioned response
ExplanationConditioned response fades when unconditioned stimulus is absent.
#14
What is the concept of spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?
The sudden reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response.
ExplanationTemporary return of a conditioned response after extinction.
#15
What is the concept of shaping in behavioral conditioning?
The process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
ExplanationGradually guiding behavior towards a desired goal.