#1
What is the primary goal of behavioral conditioning?
Changing behavior
ExplanationBehavioral conditioning aims to modify or alter behavior patterns.
#2
What is the term for learning that occurs without direct reinforcement but through observation and imitation?
Social learning
ExplanationSocial learning involves acquiring new behaviors through observation and imitation of others.
#3
In shaping, what is the term for reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior?
Successive approximation
ExplanationSuccessive approximation involves rewarding behaviors that progressively resemble the desired behavior.
#4
In classical conditioning, what term is used to describe the reappearance of a conditioned response to a similar but distinct stimulus?
Generalization
ExplanationGeneralization in classical conditioning refers to the tendency of a conditioned response to occur in response to similar stimuli.
#5
Which type of conditioning involves the pairing of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to create a conditioned response?
Classical conditioning
ExplanationClassical conditioning is a form of learning that pairs a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.
#6
In classical conditioning, what term is used to describe the process of associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a response?
Pavlovian conditioning
ExplanationPavlovian conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to trigger a response.
#7
What is the term for reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior to shape it over time?
Shaping
ExplanationShaping involves rewarding behaviors that are closer to the desired behavior, gradually molding it over time.
#8
In operant conditioning, what term is used to describe the process of weakening a behavior by removing a desirable stimulus?
Punishment
ExplanationPunishment aims to reduce the occurrence of a behavior by removing a desirable stimulus.
#9
Who is associated with the concept of observational learning and social cognitive theory?
Albert Bandura
ExplanationAlbert Bandura is known for his work on observational learning and social cognitive theory.
#10
Which psychologist is known for the Little Albert experiment, demonstrating classical conditioning with fear?
John B. Watson
ExplanationJohn B. Watson conducted the Little Albert experiment, showcasing classical conditioning principles.
#11
What is the term for the process of gradually reducing the frequency of a behavior by withholding reinforcement?
Extinction
ExplanationExtinction involves diminishing a behavior by withholding reinforcement over time.
#12
Which type of reinforcement involves removing an aversive stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring again?
Negative reinforcement
ExplanationNegative reinforcement strengthens a behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus when the behavior occurs.
#13
What is the term for the decrease in the frequency of a behavior when it is no longer reinforced?
Extinction
ExplanationExtinction refers to the fading away of a behavior when it is no longer reinforced.
#14
What is the term for the reappearance of a previously extinguished behavior after a period of time?
Spontaneous recovery
ExplanationSpontaneous recovery is the sudden reappearance of an extinguished behavior after a delay.
#15
Which type of reinforcement involves presenting an aversive stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring again?
Punishment
ExplanationPunishment aims to decrease the likelihood of a behavior by presenting an aversive stimulus.
#16
Which reinforcement schedule involves reinforcing a behavior after a fixed number of responses?
Fixed Ratio
ExplanationFixed Ratio reinforcement schedule rewards a behavior after a set number of responses.
#17
What is the term for a type of learning that occurs when a behavior is strengthened or weakened by its consequences?
Operant conditioning
ExplanationOperant conditioning involves learning through the consequences of behavior, either reinforcement or punishment.