#1
Which type of conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response?
Classical conditioning
ExplanationNeutral stimulus paired with unconditioned stimulus to create a conditioned response.
#2
In behavioral conditioning, what does 'extinction' refer to?
The gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response
ExplanationGradual fading of a conditioned response due to lack of reinforcement.
#3
Which term describes the phenomenon where a behavior becomes more or less likely to occur based on its consequences?
Response modulation
ExplanationBehavior's likelihood influenced by its consequences.
#4
In the context of operant conditioning, what is negative reinforcement?
The removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior
ExplanationRemoving unpleasant stimulus to strengthen behavior.
#5
What is the term used to describe the process of gradually reducing the intensity or frequency of a stimulus in classical conditioning?
Extinction
ExplanationGradual reduction of stimulus frequency or intensity.
#6
Which of the following is an example of positive punishment?
Giving a student detention for talking in class
ExplanationAdding undesirable consequence to decrease behavior.
#7
Which psychologist is associated with the concept of 'shaping' in operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
ExplanationB.F. Skinner introduced the concept of shaping.
#8
Which of the following best describes the 'overjustification effect'?
The decrease in intrinsic motivation due to the introduction of extrinsic rewards
ExplanationDecrease in intrinsic motivation with extrinsic rewards.
#9
What is a 'secondary reinforcer' in operant conditioning?
A reinforcer that initially has no intrinsic value but becomes reinforcing through association with a primary reinforcer
ExplanationInitially valueless, gains reinforcement value.
#10
According to the principles of operant conditioning, what is a 'punisher'?
A stimulus that decreases the frequency of a behavior it follows
ExplanationStimulus that reduces behavior frequency.
#11
Which psychologist introduced the concept of 'observational learning'?
Albert Bandura
ExplanationAlbert Bandura introduced observational learning.