#1
Which of the following is a common symptom of acute myocardial infarction (heart attack)?
Chest pain
ExplanationTypically presents with crushing, squeezing, or pressure-like discomfort in the chest.
#2
In the context of stroke management, what does the acronym FAST stand for?
Facial droop, Arm weakness, Speech difficulty, Time to call 911
ExplanationHelps in recognizing the signs and symptoms of stroke for prompt intervention.
#3
What is the first-line treatment for acute bacterial meningitis in adults?
Ceftriaxone and vancomycin
ExplanationCovers the most common pathogens including Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis.
#4
Which medication is commonly used as a first-line treatment for acute gout attacks?
Colchicine
ExplanationInhibits microtubule polymerization, preventing neutrophil migration and inflammation.
#5
What is the primary pharmacological intervention for acute migraine attacks?
Sumatriptan
ExplanationSelective serotonin receptor agonist, relieving migraine symptoms.
#6
What is the initial treatment priority for a patient with severe sepsis or septic shock?
Giving intravenous fluids
ExplanationTo restore circulating volume and improve tissue perfusion.
#7
Which of the following laboratory tests is commonly used to assess renal function?
Creatinine clearance
ExplanationMeasures the rate at which creatinine is cleared from the blood by the kidneys.
#8
Which electrocardiogram (ECG) finding is indicative of atrial fibrillation?
Sawtooth pattern in the atrial waves
ExplanationIrregularly irregular rhythm with absent P waves and chaotic, fibrillatory waves.
#9
What is the primary goal of fluid resuscitation in the management of hypovolemic shock?
Restoring intravascular volume
ExplanationTo improve tissue perfusion and prevent organ damage.
#10
What is the primary cause of anaphylaxis?
IgE-mediated hypersensitivity
ExplanationTriggers the release of mediators causing systemic vasodilation and bronchoconstriction.
#11
In the context of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), what is the primary pathology?
Diffuse alveolar damage
ExplanationResulting in increased permeability of the alveolar-capillary barrier and pulmonary edema.
#12
What is the recommended first-line medication for the management of acute asthma exacerbation?
Albuterol (salbutamol)
ExplanationActs as a bronchodilator, relieving bronchospasm and improving airflow.
#13
Which medication is commonly used in the acute management of hyperkalemia?
Calcium gluconate
ExplanationStabilizes myocardial cell membranes, protecting against arrhythmias.
#14
Which of the following is a potential complication of untreated diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
Cerebral edema
ExplanationMay result from rapid changes in osmolality and fluid shifts in the brain.
#15
What is the primary treatment for opioid overdose?
Naloxone
ExplanationCompetitive antagonist at opioid receptors, reversing respiratory depression.