#1
What is the outermost layer of the pericardium called?
Fibrous pericardium
ExplanationProtective outer layer providing structural support.
#2
Which layer of the pericardium is directly attached to the heart muscle?
Visceral pericardium
ExplanationInner layer adhering to the heart muscle, providing a protective covering.
#3
What is the primary function of the pericardium?
To prevent friction and allow smooth heart movement
ExplanationEnsures frictionless movement, promoting efficient cardiac contraction.
#4
What is the medical term for the outer layer of the heart wall?
Epicardium
ExplanationOutermost layer providing protection and support to the heart.
#5
Which chamber of the heart is in direct contact with the visceral layer of the pericardium?
Left ventricle
ExplanationHeart chamber directly in contact with the innermost pericardial layer.
#6
Which layer of the pericardium is responsible for secreting pericardial fluid?
Serous pericardium
ExplanationLayer producing the fluid essential for lubricating the pericardial space.
#7
What is the common cause of acute pericarditis?
Viral infection
ExplanationFrequent cause of sudden inflammation in the pericardial layers.
#8
Which fluid lubricates the space between the parietal and visceral layers of the pericardium?
Pericardial fluid
ExplanationReduces friction, allowing smooth movement of the heart.
#9
What nerve innervates the pericardium and is responsible for referred pain to the left shoulder and arm during a heart attack?
Phrenic nerve
ExplanationNerve causing pain sensation and referred pain during cardiac events.
#10
Which blood vessels supply the pericardium with nutrients and oxygen?
Coronary arteries
ExplanationVessels delivering blood, nutrients, and oxygen to the pericardial tissues.
#11
What is the term for the inflammation of the pericardium?
Pericarditis
ExplanationInflammatory condition affecting the pericardial layers.
#12
What is the primary component of the pericardial fluid?
Serous fluid
ExplanationMain constituent of the fluid reducing friction in the pericardial cavity.
#13
Which condition involves inflammation of both the pericardium and heart muscle?
Myocarditis
ExplanationInflammatory process affecting both cardiac muscle and pericardium.
#14
Which coronary artery is most commonly associated with supplying the pericardium?
Right coronary artery
ExplanationPrimary blood supply to the pericardial tissues.
#15
Which condition is characterized by an accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity?
Pericardial effusion
ExplanationBuildup of fluid in the pericardial space, potentially impacting heart function.
#16
What surgical procedure involves the removal of a portion of the pericardium and is often done to treat constrictive pericarditis?
Pericardiectomy
ExplanationSurgical intervention to address restrictive pericardial conditions.
#17
Which imaging technique is commonly used to visualize the pericardium and heart structures?
Ultrasound
ExplanationNon-invasive imaging method for visualizing cardiac structures.
#18
During cardiac surgery, what technique might be used to temporarily stop the heart, allowing surgeons to operate on a still field?
Hypothermic arrest
ExplanationTemporary cessation of cardiac activity for surgical intervention.
#19
Which imaging modality is especially useful for assessing pericardial thickness and detecting constrictive pericarditis?
Echocardiography
ExplanationDiagnostic method for evaluating pericardial thickness and detecting restrictive conditions.
#20
In cardiac tamponade, what is the primary mechanism leading to decreased cardiac output?
Increased intrapericardial pressure
ExplanationElevated pressure impeding cardiac function in tamponade.