#1
Which sociological perspective emphasizes the role of power and inequality in society?
Conflict theory
ExplanationViews society as a battleground for competing interests and power struggles.
#2
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a democratic society?
Rule by a single authoritarian leader
ExplanationDemocracy entails power distribution among citizens, not concentration in one leader.
#3
Who is considered the founder of psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud
ExplanationPioneered the exploration of unconscious processes and psychotherapy.
#4
Which of the following best defines cultural relativism?
The understanding that all cultures are equally valid and should be judged within their own context
ExplanationRecognizes cultural diversity and advocates for non-judgmental evaluation.
#5
What is one key aspect of intersectionality theory?
The exploration of how various forms of oppression and discrimination overlap and intersect
ExplanationHighlights interconnectedness of social identities and systems of oppression.
#6
What does the term 'cultural appropriation' refer to?
The unauthorized use of elements of one culture by members of another culture, often by a dominant culture
ExplanationInvolves exploitation and disrespect of cultural symbols and practices.
#7
What is the main focus of environmental justice?
Ensuring fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people in environmental decision-making
ExplanationAddresses disproportionate environmental burdens on marginalized communities.
#8
What does the term 'neoliberalism' refer to?
An economic ideology promoting free-market capitalism and deregulation
ExplanationAdvocates minimal state intervention in the economy.
#9
What is the primary focus of postcolonial theory?
Examining cultural and social dynamics in formerly colonized countries
ExplanationAnalyzes effects of colonialism on culture, politics, and identity.
#10
What is the main focus of postmodernism?
Questioning the existence of objective truth and grand narratives
ExplanationRejects metanarratives and emphasizes subjectivity.
#11
What is the main focus of critical race theory?
Examining how race intersects with other forms of oppression
ExplanationAnalyzes how race is intertwined with systems of power and privilege.
#12
Which of the following best describes the concept of 'social constructivism'?
The idea that reality is constructed by society through shared meanings and understandings
ExplanationEmphasizes the role of social processes in shaping reality.
#13
Which philosopher is associated with the concept of 'the invisible hand' in economics?
Adam Smith
ExplanationSmith's metaphor for market forces guiding self-interested actions to benefit society.
#14
What is the main focus of the theory of cognitive dissonance?
Examining the discomfort caused by holding contradictory beliefs or attitudes
ExplanationInvestigates psychological tension arising from conflicting cognitions.
#15
What is the central idea behind the 'Tragedy of the Commons'?
The concept that individuals acting in their own self-interest can deplete shared resources
ExplanationIllustrates conflicts between individual and collective interests in resource management.
#16
Who is credited with developing the concept of 'emotional intelligence'?
Daniel Goleman
ExplanationIdentified emotional awareness and regulation as key to success.
#17
What is the main focus of the theory of social constructionism?
Examining how individuals construct meaning through social interactions
ExplanationInvestigates how social context shapes perception and reality.
#18
What does the term 'heteronormativity' refer to?
The belief that heterosexuality is the norm and other sexual orientations are deviant
ExplanationAssumes heterosexual relationships as the societal standard.
#19
Which philosopher is associated with the concept of the 'veil of ignorance'?
John Rawls
ExplanationRawls proposed it as a way to create a just society without bias.
#20
Who coined the term 'Third World'?
Alfred Sauvy
ExplanationUsed to describe non-aligned nations during the Cold War.
#21
Who wrote the book 'The Feminine Mystique' which is considered a pioneering work of second-wave feminism?
Betty Friedan
ExplanationHighlighted societal constraints on women's roles and sparked feminist activism.
#22
Who is often credited with developing the concept of 'white privilege'?
Peggy McIntosh
ExplanationHighlighted unearned advantages conferred to white people in society.
#23
Who coined the term 'glass ceiling'?
Ann Hopkins
ExplanationDescribes invisible barriers preventing women's advancement in the workplace.
#24
Which sociologist is known for his theory of 'capitalist rationalization'?
Max Weber
ExplanationWeber analyzed the rationalization of modern society and its impact.
#25
Who introduced the concept of 'the other' in sociology?
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
ExplanationHegel's dialectic explored the self-other relationship in human consciousness.