#1
Which of the following best describes correlation?
A statistical measure of the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two variables
ExplanationCorrelation quantifies the linear association between two variables.
#2
What is the purpose of a scatter plot in analyzing correlation?
To visually represent the relationship between two variables
ExplanationScatter plots visually depict the relationship between two variables, aiding in the analysis of correlation.
#3
In experimental research, what is the role of the independent variable?
To be manipulated by the researcher
ExplanationThe independent variable in experimental research is manipulated by the researcher to observe its effect on the dependent variable.
#4
What does a correlation coefficient of -0.9 indicate?
A strong negative correlation
ExplanationA correlation coefficient of -0.9 suggests a strong negative relationship between variables.
#5
Which of the following statements is true about causation?
Correlation and causation are distinct concepts
ExplanationCausation and correlation are separate concepts, correlation does not imply causation.
#6
What is the difference between causation and correlation?
Correlation refers to a cause-and-effect relationship, while causation involves statistical association
ExplanationCorrelation indicates association, but causation involves establishing a cause-and-effect relationship through statistical evidence.
#7
What is the purpose of statistical controls in observational studies?
To reduce the impact of potential confounding variables
ExplanationStatistical controls in observational studies minimize the influence of confounding variables, enhancing the reliability of findings.
#8
What is the concept of confounding in research studies?
It is an extraneous variable that is related to both the independent and dependent variables
ExplanationConfounding variables are extraneous factors linked to both the independent and dependent variables, complicating causal inferences.
#9
What is the purpose of a control group in an experiment?
To provide a baseline for comparison and isolate the effect of the independent variable
ExplanationControl groups establish baseline conditions and isolate the impact of the independent variable in experiments.
#10
In a randomized controlled trial (RCT), what is the significance of randomization?
To control for confounding variables
ExplanationRandomization in RCTs helps control for confounding variables, enhancing the validity of causal inferences.
#11
Why is it important to consider temporal sequence in establishing causation?
It helps establish that the cause precedes the effect in time
ExplanationConsidering temporal sequence ensures that the cause precedes the effect, supporting the establishment of causation.
#12
Which type of study design is most suitable for establishing causation?
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs)
ExplanationRandomized controlled trials are ideal for establishing causation, providing strong evidence due to random assignment.
#13
What is the role of statistical significance in determining causation?
It helps assess whether an observed effect is likely not due to random chance
ExplanationStatistical significance aids in determining whether an observed effect is likely not due to random chance, supporting causal inferences.