#1
In statistical terms, what does 'mean' refer to?
The sum of all values divided by the number of values
ExplanationAverage value of a dataset
#2
What is the purpose of correlation analysis in statistics?
To identify relationships and measure the strength and direction of linear associations between variables
ExplanationEvaluating the degree of association between variables
#3
What is the primary purpose of a control group in experimental design?
To provide a baseline for comparison with the experimental group
ExplanationEstablishing a reference for evaluating treatment effects
#4
What does the term 'p-hacking' refer to in the context of statistical analysis?
Manipulating data to achieve a statistically significant result
ExplanationUnethical manipulation of data to show significant results
#5
What is the purpose of the Shapiro-Wilk test in statistics?
To test the normality of a distribution
ExplanationAssessing if a sample comes from a normally distributed population
#6
What is the purpose of stratified sampling in survey design?
To ensure all groups in the population are represented in the sample
ExplanationEnsuring proportional representation of population subgroups
#7
Which statistical test is appropriate for comparing means of two independent groups?
Independent samples t-test
ExplanationComparing means of groups with no relationship
#8
Which measure of central tendency is affected by extreme values or outliers?
Mean
ExplanationSensitive to extreme values
#9
What is the purpose of a factorial design in experimental research?
To investigate the interaction effects of two or more independent variables
ExplanationExamining combined effects of multiple variables
#10
In regression analysis, what does the coefficient of determination (R-squared) measure?
The proportion of the variance in the dependent variable explained by the independent variable(s)
ExplanationExplained variation in the dependent variable by independent variables
#11
What is the purpose of the Mann-Whitney U test in non-parametric statistics?
To compare medians of two independent groups
ExplanationAssessing differences between groups when assumptions of parametric tests are violated
#12
What is the purpose of a confidence interval in statistics?
To estimate the range within which a population parameter is likely to fall
ExplanationEstimating the precision of a sample statistic
#13
What does 'p-value' represent in hypothesis testing?
The probability of obtaining observed results if the null hypothesis is true
ExplanationLikelihood of observing a result under null hypothesis
#14
Which type of sampling method involves selecting every 'kth' individual from a list or population?
Systematic sampling
ExplanationSampling at regular intervals from a population list
#15
What is the purpose of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test in statistics?
To test the normality of a distribution
ExplanationAssessing the fit of data to a normal distribution
#16
What is the formula for calculating standard deviation?
√(Σ(xi - μ)² / N)
ExplanationMeasure of dispersion or spread of data around the mean
#17
In survey research, what is the purpose of a Likert scale?
To measure attitudes or opinions using a scale
ExplanationAssessing attitudes or opinions with multiple response options