#1
In classical conditioning, what term refers to the initial stage of learning when a response is first established?
Acquisition
ExplanationAcquisition is the initial stage in classical conditioning during which an organism learns to associate a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus.
#2
According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, what is the highest level of psychological need?
Self-actualization
ExplanationSelf-actualization is the highest level in Maslow's hierarchy of needs, representing the fulfillment of personal potential and self-improvement.
#3
In social psychology, what term is used to describe the tendency to favor one's own group over others?
In-group bias
ExplanationIn-group bias is the tendency to favor one's own group over other groups, leading to prejudice and discrimination.
#4
What is the term for the tendency to attribute one's successes to internal factors and one's failures to external factors?
Self-serving bias
ExplanationSelf-serving bias is the cognitive bias of attributing one's successes to internal factors and failures to external factors.
#5
Which stage in Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory occurs during adolescence and is characterized by the search for identity?
Identity vs. Role Confusion
ExplanationIdentity vs. Role Confusion is Erikson's psychosocial stage during adolescence, involving the search for a sense of self and personal identity.
#6
Which psychological phenomenon involves a sudden and often vivid re-experiencing of past events?
Flashbulb memory
ExplanationFlashbulb memory is a type of highly detailed, exceptionally vivid 'snapshot' of the moment and circumstances in which a piece of surprising and consequential (or emotionally arousing) news was heard.
#7
What term is used to describe the psychological defense mechanism where an individual attributes their own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to others?
Projection
ExplanationProjection is a defense mechanism where individuals attribute their own undesirable thoughts, feelings, or impulses onto another person.
#8
Which concept, proposed by Sigmund Freud, involves the unconscious blocking of unpleasant memories?
Repression
ExplanationRepression is a defense mechanism in psychoanalytic theory, involving the unconscious blocking of thoughts, memories, or impulses to prevent conscious awareness of them.
#9
Which part of the brain is primarily associated with emotional processing and the formation of memories?
Amygdala
ExplanationThe amygdala is a key brain region involved in processing emotions and consolidating emotional memories.
#10
What is the term for the phenomenon where individuals tend to perform better when they are being observed?
Social facilitation
ExplanationSocial facilitation is the phenomenon where individuals tend to perform better on simple tasks when in the presence of others.
#11
Which neurotransmitter is commonly associated with feelings of pleasure and reward?
Dopamine
ExplanationDopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays a key role in pleasure, reward, motivation, and motor control.
#12
Who is known for his research on classical conditioning with dogs and the development of behaviorism?
John Watson
ExplanationJohn Watson is a pioneer in behaviorism, known for his 'Little Albert' experiment and emphasis on observable behavior.
#13
In the context of memory, what is the term for the fading or weakening of memories over time?
Decay theory
ExplanationDecay theory suggests that memories fade or weaken over time due to the natural decay of neural connections.
#14
What is the term for the tendency to remember information better when it is at the beginning or end of a list?
Serial position effect
ExplanationSerial position effect is the tendency to remember items at the beginning (primacy) and end (recency) of a list better than those in the middle.
#15
In the context of memory, what is the term for the phenomenon where a person recalls a memory more easily when they are in the same environment as when the memory was formed?
State-dependent memory
ExplanationState-dependent memory is a phenomenon where recalling a memory is easier when a person is in the same psychological or physiological state as when the memory was formed.