#1
Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing human behavior?
Time of day
ExplanationTime of day does not directly influence human behavior compared to other factors such as genetics, environment, and upbringing.
#2
Which branch of psychology focuses on the study of how individuals perceive, interpret, and understand information from the social environment?
Social psychology
ExplanationSocial psychology explores how individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the presence of others and social contexts.
#3
Which of the following is NOT a primary factor influencing human behavior?
Ethnicity
ExplanationEthnicity is not a primary factor influencing human behavior compared to factors such as genetics, environment, culture, and individual experiences.
#4
What term describes the process by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved in the memory system?
Memory
ExplanationMemory encompasses the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information in the brain, crucial for learning, decision-making, and adaptation.
#5
Who proposed the psychoanalytic theory of personality, which includes concepts such as the id, ego, and superego?
Sigmund Freud
ExplanationSigmund Freud developed psychoanalytic theory, which emphasizes the role of unconscious processes and childhood experiences in shaping personality, including the id, ego, and superego.
#6
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with feelings of pleasure and reward?
Dopamine
ExplanationDopamine is known as the 'feel-good' neurotransmitter, playing a crucial role in motivation, pleasure, and reinforcement learning.
#7
What term refers to the psychological process of changing one's beliefs or behaviors in order to fit into a group?
Conformity
ExplanationConformity involves altering one's thoughts or behaviors to align with those of a group, often due to social pressure or norms.
#8
What term describes the phenomenon where people tend to attribute others' behavior to internal factors while attributing their own behavior to external factors?
Fundamental attribution error
ExplanationThe fundamental attribution error is the tendency to overestimate dispositional factors and underestimate situational factors when explaining others' behavior.
#9
Which hormone is often referred to as the 'stress hormone' because it is released in response to stress and helps the body respond to it?
Cortisol
ExplanationCortisol, released by the adrenal glands, is known as the stress hormone due to its role in the body's stress response, including regulating metabolism and immune function.
#10
What is the term for the psychological phenomenon where people tend to conform to the group's decision-making process rather than expressing their own opinions?
Groupthink
ExplanationGroupthink occurs when group cohesion and pressure lead members to prioritize consensus over critical evaluation, often resulting in flawed decision-making.
#11
Which brain structure plays a crucial role in regulating emotions such as fear and aggression?
Amygdala
ExplanationThe amygdala is a key brain region involved in processing emotions, particularly fear and aggression, as part of the limbic system.
#12
What theory suggests that people are motivated to fulfill a hierarchy of needs, starting with basic physiological needs and progressing to higher levels of self-actualization?
Hierarchy of needs theory
ExplanationThe hierarchy of needs theory proposed by Abraham Maslow posits that individuals are motivated by fulfilling basic needs before pursuing higher-level needs.
#13
What psychological concept describes the tendency to recall information more easily when it is consistent with one's existing beliefs?
Confirmation bias
ExplanationConfirmation bias is the cognitive bias where individuals selectively recall or interpret information that confirms their existing beliefs or hypotheses.
#14
Which area of the brain is responsible for higher cognitive functions such as decision-making, problem-solving, and self-control?
Frontal lobe
ExplanationThe frontal lobe, located in the cerebral cortex, plays a critical role in executive functions including decision-making, planning, and impulse control.
#15
Which theory of emotion suggests that physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously, rather than one causing the other?
Cannon-Bard theory
ExplanationThe Cannon-Bard theory of emotion proposes that physiological arousal and emotional experience happen simultaneously, challenging the earlier James-Lange theory.