#1
What is the primary focus of developmental psychology?
Examining changes across the lifespan
ExplanationDevelopmental psychology explores changes in behavior, cognition, and emotion over an individual's entire life.
#2
What is the term for the cognitive ability to understand that an object's basic properties remain the same even though its appearance may change?
Object permanence
ExplanationObject permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when not in sight, a milestone in cognitive development.
#3
Which stage of Erikson's psychosocial development is associated with the conflict of industry versus inferiority?
Industry vs. Inferiority
ExplanationThe industry vs. inferiority stage in Erikson's theory involves the struggle for competence and achievement during childhood.
#4
According to Piaget, in which stage of cognitive development do children begin to understand abstract concepts and engage in hypothetical thinking?
Formal operational
ExplanationPiaget's formal operational stage is characterized by the ability to think abstractly and consider hypothetical situations.
#5
According to Erikson, what is the primary crisis in the stage of generativity versus stagnation?
Generativity vs. Stagnation
ExplanationThe generativity vs. stagnation stage in Erikson's theory involves the challenge of contributing to the well-being of future generations or experiencing a sense of stagnation.
#6
Which theorist is associated with the stages of psychosocial development?
Erik Erikson
ExplanationErik Erikson proposed the psychosocial stages, addressing the social and emotional aspects of development.
#7
What is the term for a child's inability to understand that others may have different perspectives than their own?
Egocentrism
ExplanationEgocentrism is the cognitive limitation where a child struggles to grasp the viewpoints of others.
#8
According to Kohlberg's stages of moral development, at which stage do individuals follow rules to avoid punishment?
Preconventional
ExplanationIn Kohlberg's theory, the preconventional stage involves moral decisions based on fear of punishment or desire for reward.
#9
In the context of social systems, what does the term 'macrosystem' refer to?
Culture and societal values
ExplanationThe macrosystem encompasses the broader cultural context and societal values within social systems.
#10
In the context of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, what is the zone of proximal development (ZPD)?
The difference between actual and potential development
ExplanationThe ZPD is the gap between what a learner can achieve independently and what they can achieve with guidance, a concept in Vygotsky's theory.
#11
Which type of parenting style is characterized by high demands and low responsiveness?
Authoritarian
ExplanationAuthoritarian parenting is marked by strict rules and high expectations with limited emotional responsiveness.
#12
According to attachment theory, what is the term for a child's distress when separated from their primary caregiver?
Separation anxiety
ExplanationAttachment theory identifies 'separation anxiety' as the emotional distress during caregiver separation.
#13
Which social system level involves interactions with family, friends, and immediate surroundings?
Microsystem
ExplanationThe microsystem in social systems includes an individual's immediate environment and personal relationships.
#14
Which of the following is a key component of Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory?
Observational learning
ExplanationObservational learning is a central concept in Bandura's social cognitive theory, highlighting the influence of observing others on behavior.
#15
What is the term for the emotional bond that forms between an infant and their primary caregiver?
Secure attachment
ExplanationSecure attachment is the emotional connection marked by trust and comfort between an infant and their primary caregiver.
#16
According to Erikson's theory, what is the primary crisis in the stage of intimacy versus isolation?
Intimacy vs. Isolation
ExplanationThe intimacy vs. isolation stage in Erikson's theory involves the challenge of forming close relationships or facing social isolation.
#17
Which theory emphasizes the role of genetics and evolution in shaping human behavior and development?
Evolutionary psychology
ExplanationEvolutionary psychology highlights the impact of genetics and evolutionary processes on human behavior and development.