#1
Which of the following cellular adaptations is reversible?
Metaplasia
ExplanationCellular adaptation involving conversion of one differentiated cell type to another, which is reversible.
#2
Which of the following cellular adaptations is associated with an increase in the number of cells?
Hyperplasia
ExplanationCellular adaptation involving an increase in cell number, typically in response to a stimulus.
#3
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of dystrophic calcification?
Occurs in necrotic tissue
ExplanationCalcium deposition in dead or dying tissue, not related to serum calcium levels.
#4
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of hypertrophy?
Increase in cell size
ExplanationEnlargement of cells, leading to increased organ size or tissue mass.
#5
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of atrophy?
Decrease in cell number
ExplanationReduction in cell size, number, or function, often due to disuse, denervation, or inadequate nutrition.
#6
Which type of necrosis is typically associated with tuberculosis infections?
Caseous necrosis
ExplanationNecrosis characterized by cheese-like, soft, friable tissue, often seen in tuberculosis infections.
#7
Which of the following is an example of physiological hypertrophy?
Hypertrophy of the heart in response to exercise
ExplanationHeart enlargement due to exercise-induced workload increase, a physiological response.
#8
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of metaplasia?
Replacement of one differentiated cell type with another
ExplanationConversion of one cell type to another, often in response to stress or injury.
#9
Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with pathologic hyperplasia?
Psoriasis
ExplanationSkin disorder characterized by inflammation and excessive keratinocyte production, not hyperplasia.
#10
Which of the following is a characteristic of cellular adaptation?
Involves changes in cell number, size, or function
ExplanationAdaptive changes in response to stress or stimuli, affecting cell number, size, or function.
#11
Which of the following is a feature of reversible cell injury?
Cell swelling
ExplanationCommon initial response to reversible cell injury, caused by increased water influx.
#12
Which type of necrosis is typically associated with ischemic injury?
Coagulative necrosis
ExplanationNecrosis characterized by protein denaturation, typically seen in ischemic tissues.
#13
Which of the following is an example of pathological hypertrophy?
Hypertrophy of the liver due to alcohol abuse
ExplanationEnlargement of an organ due to abnormal stimuli, such as toxins, leading to tissue damage.
#14
Which of the following is an example of physiological hyperplasia?
Compensatory liver regeneration
ExplanationIncreased cell proliferation in response to a stimulus, restoring tissue to its normal state after injury or resection.
#15
Which of the following is NOT a feature of apoptosis?
Inflammation
ExplanationProgrammed cell death characterized by no inflammation.
#16
Which of the following is a characteristic of necrosis but not of apoptosis?
Cellular contents released into the extracellular space
ExplanationNecrosis results in cell membrane rupture and release of cellular contents outside the cell.
#17
Which of the following is NOT a cause of cellular injury?
Eustress
ExplanationEustress refers to beneficial stress that stimulates adaptation, not injury.
#18
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of coagulative necrosis?
Tissue architecture preserved
ExplanationNecrotic tissue retains basic structural outline due to denaturation of structural proteins.
#19
Which of the following is a characteristic of liquefactive necrosis?
Typically observed in the brain
ExplanationNecrosis characterized by digestion of tissue, often observed in the brain.
#20
Which of the following is a feature of fibrinoid necrosis?
Associated with autoimmune diseases
ExplanationImmune-complex deposition leads to necrosis with a fibrin-like appearance, common in autoimmune diseases.
#21
Which of the following is a characteristic of apoptosis?
Phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies
ExplanationClearance of apoptotic cells by phagocytes without inducing inflammation.
#22
Which of the following is NOT a feature of necrosis?
Energy-dependent process
ExplanationNecrosis is an uncontrolled, energy-independent process, unlike apoptosis.
#23
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of apoptosis?
Formation of apoptotic bodies
ExplanationFragmentation of cell into apoptotic bodies, containing cellular components for phagocytic removal.
#24
Which of the following is a characteristic of coagulative necrosis?
Tissue architecture preserved
ExplanationNecrotic tissue retains basic structural outline due to denaturation of structural proteins.