#1
Which chamber of the heart is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the body?
Left ventricle
ExplanationLeft ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body.
#2
Which hormone is responsible for regulating the water and electrolyte balance in the body by influencing the kidneys?
Aldosterone
ExplanationAldosterone regulates water and electrolyte balance by acting on the kidneys.
#3
What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?
Transporting oxygen and nutrients to cells
ExplanationCardiovascular system transports oxygen and nutrients to cells.
#4
Which part of the brainstem is responsible for controlling basic respiratory functions like breathing rate and rhythm?
Medulla oblongata
ExplanationMedulla oblongata controls basic respiratory functions like breathing rate and rhythm.
#5
What is the term for the maximum amount of air a person can exhale forcefully after taking a deep breath?
Vital capacity
ExplanationVital capacity is the maximum amount of air exhaled forcefully after a deep breath.
#6
During inhalation, which muscle contracts to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity?
Diaphragm
ExplanationDiaphragm contracts during inhalation, enlarging the thoracic cavity.
#7
What is the primary function of the alveoli in the lungs?
Gas exchange
ExplanationAlveoli facilitate gas exchange in the lungs.
#8
During which phase of the cardiac cycle does the ventricular pressure exceed the atrial pressure, leading to the closure of the atrioventricular valves?
Isovolumetric contraction
ExplanationAtrial pressure exceeds ventricular pressure, closing atrioventricular valves during isovolumetric contraction.
#9
What is the primary function of surfactant in the lungs?
Preventing alveolar collapse
ExplanationSurfactant prevents alveolar collapse by reducing surface tension.
#10
Which of the following is a common symptom of pulmonary edema?
Shortness of breath
ExplanationShortness of breath is a common symptom of pulmonary edema.
#11
During exercise, what happens to the cardiac output?
Increases
ExplanationCardiac output increases during exercise.
#12
Which diagnostic procedure is commonly used to visualize blood flow through the heart and major blood vessels?
Echocardiography
ExplanationEchocardiography visualizes blood flow through the heart and major vessels.
#13
What is the normal range for the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood?
90-100 mmHg
ExplanationNormal PaO2 range in arterial blood is 90-100 mmHg.
#14
Which of the following is a non-invasive test commonly used to assess lung function and diagnose respiratory disorders?
Spirometry
ExplanationSpirometry is a common non-invasive test for assessing lung function.
#15
What is the primary role of the sinoatrial (SA) node in the heart?
Initiating the electrical impulse for the heartbeat
ExplanationSA node initiates the electrical impulse for the heartbeat.
#16
Which gas is primarily responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli?
Oxygen
ExplanationOxygen is primarily responsible for gas exchange in the alveoli.
#17
In a healthy individual, which factor primarily determines blood viscosity?
Red blood cell count
ExplanationRed blood cell count primarily determines blood viscosity in a healthy individual.