#1
Which of the following is a characteristic of positive reinforcement in behavioral psychology?
Adding something pleasant
ExplanationPositive reinforcement involves adding something pleasant to increase the likelihood of a behavior recurring.
#2
What is the primary focus of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) therapy?
Modifying behavior through reinforcement
ExplanationABA therapy focuses on modifying behavior through reinforcement techniques to improve social and communication skills.
#3
Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?
Excessive patience
ExplanationADHD is not characterized by excessive patience; rather, it involves symptoms like impulsivity and hyperactivity.
#4
In developmental disabilities, what does the term 'neurodiversity' refer to?
The idea that neurological differences should be recognized and respected
ExplanationNeurodiversity advocates for the recognition and acceptance of the wide range of neurological differences in individuals.
#5
What is echolalia?
A repetitive speech pattern in which the individual repeats words or phrases
ExplanationEcholalia is a behavior where a person repeats words or phrases spoken by others, often seen in autism spectrum disorders.
#6
Which theorist proposed the 'Zone of Proximal Development' in the field of developmental psychology?
Lev Vygotsky
ExplanationLev Vygotsky introduced the concept of the Zone of Proximal Development, emphasizing the range of tasks a learner can perform with assistance.
#7
What is 'theory of mind' in the context of developmental psychology?
The capacity to understand others' mental states
ExplanationTheory of mind refers to the ability to attribute mental states—beliefs, intents, desires—to oneself and others, and to understand that others have beliefs, desires, intentions, and perspectives different from one's own.
#8
What does the term 'stimming' refer to in the context of developmental disabilities?
Repetitive body movements or noises
ExplanationStimming, short for self-stimulatory behavior, refers to repetitive movements or sounds often seen in individuals with developmental disabilities, which may serve various regulatory or sensory-seeking purposes.
#9
What is the primary difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
Classical conditioning involves learning by pairing stimuli, while operant conditioning involves learning by consequences.
ExplanationClassical conditioning focuses on associating an involuntary response with a stimulus, while operant conditioning centers on modifying voluntary behaviors through consequences.
#10
What is a hallmark feature of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?
Impaired social communication and interaction
ExplanationASD is characterized by difficulties in social communication and interaction, along with restricted interests and repetitive behaviors.
#11
Which of the following is a characteristic of Down syndrome?
Low muscle tone
ExplanationLow muscle tone, or hypotonia, is a common characteristic of Down syndrome, affecting motor skills and coordination.
#12
Which of the following is a characteristic of Intellectual Disability?
Difficulty with adaptive behaviors
ExplanationIntellectual disability is characterized by limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviors, which affect everyday social and practical skills.
#13
In the context of developmental disabilities, what does 'sensory integration' refer to?
The process of organizing sensory information from the environment
ExplanationSensory integration involves the brain's ability to organize sensory information from the environment to produce an appropriate response.
#14
Which of the following is a characteristic of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)?
Persistent pattern of angry or irritable mood
ExplanationODD is characterized by a persistent pattern of anger, irritability, and defiance toward authority figures.
#15
What is the main focus of sensory diets in the treatment of sensory processing disorders?
Implementing specific sensory activities to regulate sensory input
ExplanationSensory diets involve a structured schedule of sensory activities designed to regulate sensory input and address sensory processing difficulties.